Which system uses pre-determined policies to control logical access?

The correct answer is a logical access control system. This type of system is specifically designed to manage and enforce policies that govern how users can access information and systems within an organization. It operates under a set of predefined rules and criteria that dictate access rights based on various factors, such as user roles, permissions, or attributes.

Logical access control systems ensure that users can only access data and applications for which they have specific authorization, aligning access rights with the organization's security policies. This includes mechanisms such as user authentication, which verifies identities, and access control lists or role-based access controls that specify what resources users can interact with based on their permissions.

While other systems mentioned have their own access control functions, they do not primarily revolve around the enforcement of policies for logical access. For instance, a physical access control system is focused on restricting access to physical locations rather than logical systems. Multi-factor authentication enhances security during the login process but does not itself define how access is controlled overall. Role-based access control is a method that can be used within logical access control systems, but it does not describe a complete access control system by itself.